Atlantic Mackerel
Common Name:
Atlantic Mackerel
Scientific Name:
Scomber scombrus
Market Name(s):
Common mackerel
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- Biology & Habitat
- Science & Management
- Conservation Criteria
- Sustainability Summary
- Suppliers
Sourcing Summary
1-2 lbs.
Although it’s available year-round, some buyers recommend buying Atlantic mackerel in the fall from the trap fisheries off New England because this fish has high oil content after a summer of feeding. Atlantic mackerel is sold fresh, frozen, smoked or salted whole, in fillets, headed and gutted, and as steaks. This fish's flesh is firm, has a high oil content, and a strong savory taste. Mackerel are an excellent substitution for other fish with high oil content such as salmon, tuna, or bluefish, and is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Like tuna, mackerel must be handled properly because lack of ice or refrigeration can lead to a higher risk of scromboid poisoning.
Harvest Methods
Wild
Midwater Trawl
Bottom Trawl
Trawl
Purse Seine
Product Forms
Fresh
- Fillet
- H&G
- Whole
Frozen
- Fillet
- H&G
- Whole
Fresh Seasonal Availability
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Culinary Composition
Flavor
Mild
Sweet
Strong
Texture
Delicate
Medium
Firm
Oil
Low
Medium
High
Health & Nutrition
Nutrition facts
Serving size: 100 Grams
Amount per serving
- Calories205.00
- Total Fat13.89g
- Cholesterol70.00mg
- Sodium90.00mg
- Carbohydrates0.00g
- Protein18.60
Biology
Atlantic mackerel belong in the Scombridae family commonly called mackerel, a common name for swift-moving marine fish. The Scombridae family also includes tuna and bonito. Their bodies are spindle-shaped and tapered at both ends. This shape allows them to move quickly, reaching speeds of up to 70 mph. They have iridescent blue green on their back and a silvery white underside, with 20 to 30 wavy black bars running across the top half of their body. A narrow dark streak runs below these bars along their sides. This distinctive coloring fades quickly after they die.
They grow quickly, living up to 20 years and reaching sexual maturity by age two to three. They can reach lengths of up to 16 ½ inches and a weight of 2.2 pounds. Females grow bigger than males. Depending on their size, females can spawn between 285,000 and 2,000,000 eggs, releasing them in batches five to seven times throughout the spawning season. Eggs will float in the surface water and hatch in four to seven and a half days depending on the water temperature.
Atlantic mackerel feed mainly on crustaceans like copepods, krill, and shrimp, but also consume squid, some fish, and ascidians. They are prey to several species of fish and marine mammals such as tunas, sharks, and dolphins.
The UK, the EU, Norway, and the Faroe Islands work together to manage their catches through the Coastal States Arrangement. However, fishing of the Atlantic mackerel stock as a whole has remained in excess of scientifically recommended limits since the 1980s. In September 2019, all MSC certifications for Atlantic mackerel were suspended.
Species Habitat
Atlantic mackerel can be found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean, as far east as the Baltic Sea. In the northwest Atlantic, they are found from the southern Labrador Sea to North Carolina. Two separate populations with little to no mixing exist in the northwestern and northeastern Atlantic. They swim in schools by size near the surface, in cold and temperate waters over the continental shelf. They travel to and from spawning and summering grounds, overwintering in deeper waters but moving closer to shore in spring when the water temperatures are between 51.8° and 57.2° Fahrenheit (11° and 14°Celsius).
In the western population spawning occurs from Chesapeake Bay to Newfoundland, starting in the south and moving northward in the summer. Most spawning occurs within 10 to 30 miles from shore. The eastern population spawns in different regions at varying times – in the Mediterranean from March to April, in southern England, northern France, and the North Sea from May to June, and in the Kattegat and Skagerrak from June to July.
Science & Management:
- WildScience:
NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center collect information on Atlantic mackerel through bottom trawl surveys, researching their abundance, biology, and distribution. This information informs the stock assessment and NOAA scientists subsequently provide recommendations to managers.
Because Atlantic mackerel are sensitive to water temperature change and seasonally migrate long distances to feed and spawn, changing environmental factors have altered their distribution. The stock has shifted northeastward and into shallower waters, which could have significant implications for U.S. commercial and recreational mackerel fisheries, mostly occurring during late winter and early spring.
Management:In 2016, US commercial landings of Atlantic mackerel combined to over 11.7 million pounds and were valued at over US $3 million, harvested mainly by Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Jersey. Two areas make up the Atlantic mackerel fishery: a southern fishery operating in southern New England between January and May and a northern fishery operating in the Gulf of Maine between May and December. They are harvested in large volumes with mid-water trawls and bottom trawls in the US, and in Canada are harvested with purse seines. Atlantic mackerel are considered as one stock in the US and Canada.
The US Atlantic mackerel fishery is federally managed by NOAA Fisheries and the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council under the Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery Management Plan. No state management exists for Atlantic mackerel. Annual catch limits are set between commercial and recreational fisheries. Permits are required for harvest, available under a limited access program in order to control harvest. Managers of the fishery monitor commercial catch weekly and will close the fisheries if the limits are reached before the season is complete.
Recent assessments of Atlantic mackerel showed that biomass is currently depleted and near historic lows at about 5% of 1980s levels. Mackerel biomass and catch peaked in the early 1970s due to strong recruitment and lower fishing mortality, but has since been declining due to less recruitment and overfishing. Fishing mortality is above a sustainable level in both the US and Canada. Abundance and fishing mortality are both considered high concerns. According to NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center’s 64th Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop report, the US considers the stock to be overfished and currently experiencing overfishing.
Canada considers the stock to be in the Critical Zone, or below the Limit Reference Point (LRP). Management did not set catch limits above scientifically recommended levels in 2015 and have not reduced mortality to a precautionary level given stock assessment uncertainty.
The UK, the EU, Norway, and the Faroe Islands work together to manage their catches through the Coastal States Arrangement. However, fishing of the Atlantic mackerel stock as a whole has remained in excess of scientifically recommended limits since the 1980s. In September 2019, all MSC certifications for Atlantic mackerel were suspended.
Wild
Impact on Stock
Atlantic mackerel previously had an unknown population status, and according to the 2018 stock assessment, their stock is overfished, and overfishing is occurring. Indications show that the stock has been overfished for nearly a decade.
Habitat Impacts
Mid-water trawls, bottom trawls, and purse seines are all used to harvest Atlantic mackerel. Purse seines allow for a targeted catch because fishermen can easily locate and identify the fish they are seeking. Mid-water trawl nets have minimal impact on the marine environment compared to bottom trawl nets, but both can incidentally catch marine mammals.
Bycatch
The fishery incidentally catches other forage species such as Atlantic herring and river herring at levels that may not account for the ecosystem’s needs. Risso’s dolphins and short-beaked common dolphins are also caught in bottom trawls, although Atlantic herring and river herring fishing mortality are considered high concern due to higher than recommended fishing mortality levels for forage species.
Bycatch strategy for all three gear types is considered moderately effective. The Atlantic Trawl Gear Take Reduction Strategy provides measures to reduce potential impacts on bycatch, including fishermen education on marine mammal interaction responses and voluntary measures regarding fishing practices that include tow time reductions.
Management Effectiveness
In the late 1970s US Atlantic mackerel stocks collapsed due to overfishing that began occurring in the late 1960s, but effective management helped them recover to abundant levels. In 2018, the stock assessment indicated that the stock has again collapsed. A US rebuilding plan is in place and is projected to be successful in a reasonable time frame.
Canadian management is considered ineffective for Atlantic mackerel because of a lack of appropriate strategies to rebuild the stock. A rebuilding plan is in process but is not yet completed or implemented.
Farmed
| Origin | Harvest Method | Sustainability Ratings |
|---|---|---|
| Atlantic Ocean - Northeast (Coastal States) | Purse Seine |
   |
| Atlantic Ocean - Northeast (Coastal States) | Pelagic Trawl |
|
| Atlantic Ocean - Northeast - Europe and Norway | Midwater Trawl |
|
| Atlantic Ocean - Northeast - Europe and Norway | Purse Seine |
|
| Canada - Atlantic | Purse Seine |
   |
| Southern, Western & North Sea | Handline |
|
| Spain - Bay of Biscay (South) | Handlines and Hand-Operated Pole-and-Lines |
|
| Spain - Bay of Biscay (South) | Purse Seine |
|
| Unassessed Origin | Unassessed Fishing Methods |
|
| United Kingdom - Cornwall | Gillnet |
|
| United Kingdom - Cornwall | Purse Seine |
|
| United Kingdom - Cornwall | Handline |
 |
| United Kingdom - Northern Ireland - Irish Sea (MSC) | Midwater Trawl |
  |
| United Kingdom - Southwest | Handline |
|
| USA | Gillnet |
 |
| USA - North Atlantic | Midwater Trawl |
|
| USA - North Atlantic | Purse Seine |
|
| USA - North Atlantic | Small Mesh Bottom Trawl |
|
| Name | Country | State/Province |
|---|---|---|
| Allseas Fisheries Corp. | Canada | Ontario |
| Barry Group, Inc. | Canada | Newfoundland and Labrador |
| Beyond the Sea Sales and Marketing, Inc. | United States | Massachusetts |
| Bionic Zoo and Aquarium | ||
| Cape Cod Community Supported Fishery | United States | Massachusetts |
| City Fish | Canada | Alberta |
| FaroeLandia Ltd. | Denmark | |
| Fisherman's Market International Inc. | Canada | Nova Scotia |
| Halperns' Purveyors of Steak and Seafood | United States | Georgia |
| Intercity Packers Meat & Seafood | Canada | British Columbia |
| John Nagle Co. | United States | Massachusetts |
| Maine Shellfish Company | United States | Maine |
| Maximum Seafood | Canada | Ontario |
| McRoberts Sales Co., Inc. | United States, United States | Florida |
| Ming Hong International, Inc. | United States | California |
| Northeast Oceans | United States | Massachusetts |
| Profish Ltd. | United States | District of Columbia |
| Red's Best | United States | Massachusetts |
| Royal Hawaiian Seafood | United States | California |
| Salties Imports | Canada | Alberta |
| Sara Sarl | Mauritania | |
| Sea to Table, USA | United States | New York |
| Seacore Seafood | Canada | Ontario |
| Seafood Garden | United States | Massachusetts |
| Seafreeze Ltd. | United States | Rhode Island |
| Seattle Fish Co | United States | Colorado |
| Seattle Fish Company - Kansas City | United States | Missouri |
| Sizzlefish | United States | North Carolina |
| Steve Connolly Seafood Company Inc. | United States | Massachusetts |
| The Fish Guys Inc. | United States | Minnesota |
| True Fin | United States | Maine |
| Visscher Seafood B.V. | Netherlands | |
| Wixter Market | United States | Illinois |
Acknowledgements
- Environmental Defense Fund
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. (FAO)
- Marine Conservation Society
- NOAA Fisheries
- Seafood Watch Program
- SeafoodSource
Last Updated: 6/24/2020